Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center

APPENDICES

Appendix A. Brief History of Carlsbad Environmental
Monitoring and Research Program

The Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center (CEMRC) was created in 1991, as a division of the Waste-management Education & Research Consortium (WERC), in the College of Engineering at New Mexico State University (NMSU). The CEMRC was conceived as a result of inquiries to WERC by concerned citizens of the Carlsbad region, acting as a grassroots coalition who recognized the need for high-quality, independent, health and environmental assessment data. Many individuals and organizations supported the CEMRC's formation including the residents of Carlsbad, New Mexico, and the surrounding region; NMSU; the Carlsbad Department of Development; the New Mexico Congressional Delegation; the New Mexico Radioactive and Hazardous Materials Committee; Westinghouse Electric Corporation; and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The CEMRC was established with a grant entitled "Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring and Research Program" (CEMRP) from DOE to NMSU. The CEMRP initially was funded for $27 million over a seven year period (1991 - 1998). Subsequently, the grant was increased to almost $33 million to support operations of the program until 2008.

Dr. Rohinton (Ron) K. Bhada served as Project Director for the CEMRP during 1991-1999. Dr. Donald J. Fingleton served as Director of the CEMRC during 1991-1996. In 1996, Dr. Fingleton was named Director of Laboratory Development and Dr. Marsha Conley became Director of Operations. Dr. Fingleton was transferred to a position with WERC in 1997 and Dr. Conley became Director. Mr. Joel Webb was named Manager of Program Development in 1998. Dr. Conley was named CEMRP Project Director in 1999.

Temporary office accommodations for the CEMRC initially were provided at NMSU-Carlsbad. In 1992, the CEMRC moved to a leased facility at 800 West Pierce in Carlsbad, which served as a basis for operations through December 1996. Flatow Moore Shaffer McCabe Architects (Albuquerque, New Mexico) and Research Facilities Design (San Diego, California) were selected in 1991 to design the CEMRC's new facilities. In December of 1993, DOE Secretary Hazel O'Leary made a commitment to provide approximately $7 million in additional funding to support debt service for construction of the new facility. In 1994, the NMSU Board of Regents approved the sale of New Mexico State University Research Corporation Lease Revenue bonds to secure construction money. Construction of the Phase I facility began in August 1995 and was completed in December 1996. The facility is located adjacent to the NMSU-Carlsbad campus, on 22 acres of land donated to NMSU by then New Mexico State Representative Robert S. Light (D-55^th District). On 23 March 1997, the Phase I facility was named the Joanna and Robert Light Hall (to be referred to as Light Hall).

In addition to work associated with design and construction of buildings for the CEMRC, a variety of other developmental projects were undertaken to support the CEMRC's scientific activities. In 1993, design began for the Mobile Bioassay Laboratory (MBL) that would complement the facilities planned for the new CEMRC building. Construction of the MBL began in 1994, and the unit was completed and delivered to Carlsbad in 1996. An application for a Radioactive Material License was prepared and submitted to the New Mexico Environment Department and the license was issued in 1996.

In 1999, CEMRC was separated from WERC and is now a division reporting directly to the Dean of Engineering at NMSU. However, CEMRC continues to conduct various collaborative activities with WERC.

Appendix B. Subcontractors for Scientific Work during 1999

Subcontractor	Scope of Work
Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest Division	Fabrication of lung sets for in vivo bioassay
Duke Engineering and Services	Radioanalyses of sediment samples
Electronic Counter Corporation	Instrument design & engineering
James Neton, Ph.D.	Assessment of in vivo radiobioassay program
Los Alamos National Laboratory	Analyses of water samples by thermal ionization mass spectrometry
National Institute of Standards & Technology	Intercomparison services for radioanalyses
NMSU Soil, Water, Air Testing Laboratory	Analyses of soil samples
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Intercomparison Studies Program	Intercomparison services for in vivo radiobioassay
University of Rhode Island/Urszula Tomza	Neutron activation analysis, gamma-ray spectroscopy

Appendix C. Members of Scientific Advisory Board (SAB)
and Program Review Board (PRB)

Member/Term of Service	Affiliation
Stanley I. Auerbach, Ph.D. (PRB) / 1998-present	Director Emeritus, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
John M. Briggs, Ph.D. (SAB) / 2000-2001	Associate Professor, Department of Plant Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
O. Doyle Markham, Ph.D. (PRB) / 1998-present	Director, Environmental Science & Research Foundation, Inc., Idaho Falls, Idaho
Michael H. Smith, Ph.D. (PRB) / 1998-present	Director, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, South Carolina
Thomas A. Cahill, Ph.D. (SAB) / 1998-1999	Professor (Emeritus), Atmospheric Sciences/Physics, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
Milan S. Gadd, Ph.D. (SAB) / 1998-1999	Senior Health Physicist, Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, Golden, Colorado
Shawki A. Ibrahim, Ph.D. (SAB) / 2000-2001	Professor, Department of Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado
Kenneth G.W. Inn, Ph.D. (SAB) / 1998-1999	Group Leader, Office of Radiation Measurements, Ionizing Radiation Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington, D.C.
William K. Michener, Ph.D. (SAB) / 1998-1999	Associate Scientist, J.W. Jones Ecological Research Center, Newton, Georgia
F. Ward Whicker, Ph.D. (SAB) / 1998-1999	Professor and Department Head, Department of Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado

Appendix D. Professional Presentations and Publications during 1999

Author	Title	Publisher/Conference
Arimoto, R.	Sources and composition of aerosol particles	Handbook of Atmospheric Chemistry, submitted
Arimoto, R.	Eolian dust and climate: relationships to sources, transport, and deposition	Earth Science Reviews, submitted
Arimoto, R., J.A. Snow, W.C. Graustein, J.L. Moody, B.J. Ray, R.A. Duce, K.K. Turekian and H.B. Maring	Influences of atmospheric transport pathways on radionuclide activities in aerosol particles from over the North Atlantic	Journal of Geophysical Research 104:21301-21316
Arimoto, R.	Mineral aerosols, tropospheric chemistry, and climate forcing	Loessfest ’99, Bonn, Germany
Arimoto, R., A.M. Nottingham, and C. Schloesslin	Aerosol sulfate and other aerosol constituents at the South Pole	American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California
Chen, G., J. H. Crawford, D. D. Davis, F. L. Eisele, R. L. Mauldin, D. J. Tanner, M. D. Buhr, J. B. Nowak, R. Arimoto, S. Liu, P. Wang, X. Gong, B. J. DiNunno, B. L. Lefer, and R. E. Shetter	A comparison of model results with observations recorded during project ISCAT	American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California
Conley, M.	Overview of WIPP Environmental Monitoring project	Meeting of Committee on the WIPP, National Academy of Science, National Academy of Engineering and Institute of Medicine Meeting, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Guelle, W., Y. Balkanski, M. Schulz, B. Marticorena, G. Bergametti, C. Moulin, R. Arimoto and K.D. Perry	Modeling the atmospheric distribution of mineral aerosol: comparison with ground measurements and satellite observations for yearly and synoptic time scales over the North Atlantic	Journal of Geophysical Research, in press
Huang, S.R., R. Arimoto, and K.A. Rahn	Sources and source variations for aerosol at Mace Head, Ireland	American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California
Huang, S., K. A. Rahn, and R. Arimoto	Testing and optimizing two factor-analysis techniques on aerosol at Narragansett, Rhode Island	Atmospheric Environment 33:2169-2185
Huang, S., K.A. Rahn, and R. Arimoto	Semiannual cycles of pollution at Bermuda	Journal of Geophysical Research, 104:30309-30318
Kirchner, T.B.	Uncertainty analysis	Calculating and Understanding Risk from Chemicals Released to the Environment, San Antonio, Texas
Kirchner, T.B.	Introduction to uncertainty analysis	Calculating and Understanding Risk from Chemicals Released to the Environment, Seattle, Washington
Kramer, G.H., M.A. Lopez, and J. Webb	A joint HML-CIEMAT-CEMRC project: testing a function to fit counting efficiency of a lung counting germanium detector array to muscle equivalent chest wall thickness and photo energy using a realistic torso phantom	Radiation Protection Dosimetry, submitted
Malek, M., T.G. Hinton, and S.B. Webb	Comparative uptake pathways of ¹³⁷Cs and ⁹⁰Sr in cabbage grown near Chernobyl	Health Physics, in press
Maring, H., D.L. Savoie, M.A. Izaguirre, C. McCormick, R. Arimoto, J.M. Prospero, and C. Pilinis	Aerosol physical and optical properties and their relationship to aerosol composition in the free troposphere at Izana, Canary Island during July 1995	Journal of Geophysical Research, submitted
N/A	Online/In Print, feature item	Environmental Science & Technology 133(17):382A
Orcutt, K.M., F. Lipshultz, K. Gundersen, R. Arimoto, A.F. Michaels, A.H. Knap, and J.R. Gallon	Seasonal pattern and significance of N₂ fixation by Trichodesmium spp. At the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site	Deep Sea Research II Special Issue: Nitrogen Fixation by Trichodesmium in the Sargasso Sea, submitted
Usman, S., H. Spitz, L. Shoaib, and S.C. Lee	Analysis of electret ion chamber radon detector response to interference from ambient gamma radiation	Health Physics 76(1):44-49
Tomza, U., R. Arimoto, and B.J. Ray	Filter color as an indicator of aerosol composition	Atmospheric Environment, submitted
Webb, J. and G.H. Kramer	An evaluation of germanium detectors employed for the measurement of radionuclides deposited in lungs using an experimental and Monte Carlo approach	Health Physics, submitted
Webb, J., D. Schoep, R. Arimoto, T. Kirchner, B. Stewart, and S. Webb	Environmental monitoring of radioactive and elemental constituents released as aerosols from the DOE WIPP	45^th Annual Conference on Bioassay, Analytical, and Environmental Radiochemistry, Gaithersburg, Maryland
Webb, J., D. Schoep, R. Arimoto, T. Kirchner, B. Stewart, and S. Webb	Environmental monitoring of radioactive and elemental constituents released as aerosols from the DOE WIPP	Workshop on WIPP Radiation Air Monitoring Programs, Carlsbad, New Mexico
Webb, J.	An evaluation of 80-mm diameter, 20-mm thick, broad energy germanium detectors for the measure of radionuclides deposited in lungs	45^th Annual Conference on Bioassay, Analytical, and Environmental Radiochemistry, Gaithersburg, Maryland
Webb, J.	An overview of the CEMRC in vivo bioassay and quality control programs	45^th Annual Conference on Bioassay, Analytical, and Environmental Radiochemistry, Gaithersburg, Maryland
Webb, J., M. Gadd, F. Bronsen and O. Tench	An evaluation of recent technology, including broad energy germanium detectors (BEGe) employed by Canberra Industries to improve measurement sensitivities of radionuclides deposited in lungs	In Vivo 99, Mol, Belgium
Webb, J. and T. Kirchner	In vivo measurements sensitivity and occurrence of radionuclides in residents of the Carlsbad, New Mexico area	In Vivo 99, Mol, Belgium
Webb, J. and T. Kirchner	In vivo measurements of residents in the Carlsbad, New Mexico area	Radiation Protection Dosimetry, submitted
Webb, J., M. Gadd, F. Bronsen and O. Tench	An evaluation of recent lung counting technology	Radiation Protection Dosimetry, submitted
Webb, J.	The cow counter: technology for the measure of radio-contaminants and fat-free lean content in livestock	WERC 1999 Conference on the Environment, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Webb, J.	Overview of the Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center	WERC 1999 Conference on the Environment, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Webb, S., S.A. Ibrahim, F.W. Whicker	Inventory estimate of ²³⁹Pu in soils east of Rocky Flats, Colorado	Environment International, in press
Zhang, X.Y., R. Arimoto, Z. S. An, J. J. Cao and D. Wang	Atmospheric dust aerosol over the Tibetan Plateau	Journal of Geophysical Research- Atmospheres, submitted
Zhang, X.Y., R. Arimoto, G.H. Zhu, T. Chen, and G.Y. Zhang	Concentration, size-distribution and deposition of mineral aerosol over Chinese desert regions	Tellus 50B:317-330
Zhang, X.Y., R. Arimoto, and Z.S. An	Glacial and interglacial patterns for Asian dust transport	Quaternary Science Reviews 18:811-820

Appendix E. Guest Colloquia

Topic	Group/Event
Detecting neutrinos from supernovae: why and how?	Richard Boyd, Professor, Department of Physics, Ohio State University
Assessment of plutonium and americium in wounds	Milan Gadd, Senior Health Physicist, Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site
Assessing and monitoring rangeland health	Walter Whitford, Senior Research Ecologist, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental radioactivity: the interface between science and models	Ward Whicker, Professor, Department of Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University
Corrosion residues and punk rock from Lechuguilla Cave	Penelope Boston, Director of Research, Complex Systems Research, Inc. and Michael Spilde, Manager, Scanning Electroscope Laboratory, University of New Mexico
Actinide analyses by thermal ionization mass spectrometry	Ross Williams, Manager (former), Radiological Services, American Environmental Network, Inc.
Trace elements in the atmosphere over the North Atlantic	Suilou Huang, Postdoctoral Fellow, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
Transport of hydrophobic organic chemicals in aquatic systems	Richard Jepsen, Senior Technical Staff, Sandia National Laboratories
Applications of short-lived radionuclides as tracers and chronometers in earth science: an overview	Mark Baskaran, Department of Marine Sciences, Texas A & M University at Galveston
Resuspension studies that the WIPP site	Jeff Whicker, Health Physics Measurement Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory
Diversity and life history variation among ground-dwelling sheet-web spiders	Michael Draney, Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Biology, New Mexico State University
Geochemical performance of German low level waste disposal facilities	Bernhard Kienzler, Institut fuer Nukleare Entsorgungstechnik, Germany
The inventory and distribution of ¹²⁹I in sagebrush steppe at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory	Randall Morris, Research Scientist, Environmental Science & Research Foundation
The role of colloid dispersion in the remediation of abandoned oil field brine pits	Mark Walthall, Associate Professor, Agronomy Department, Louisiana State University
Selected approaches to evaluating the fate and effects of contaminants in freshwater systems	Kurt Maier, Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, University of Memphis
NIST traceability - how good is good enough?	Kenneth Inn, Group Leader, Office of Radiation Measurements, National Institute of Standards and Technology
Altering coastal plain landscapes for fun (quail hunting) and profit (agriculture)	William Michener, Associate Scientist, J.W. Jones Ecological Research Center
Aerosols, optics and aesthetics: the battle to save Lake Tahoe	Thomas Cahill, Professor Emeritus, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Davis

Appendix F. Major Tours, Public Presentations and Exhibits

Group/Event

Environmental Management Seminar, NMSU - two guest lectures

Biology classes from NMSU-Carlsbad - presentation & tour

Representatives for New Mexico Business Journal - tour

Geology students, Iowa State University - tour and presentation

Chihuahuan Desert Conservation Alliance - tour and presentation

Chihuahuan Desert Laboratory class from NMSU-Carlsbad - tour and presentation

Opening Ceremonies for the WIPP - exhibit

Presentation on CEMRC and local water quality - Project WET workshop for Carlsbad teachers

1999 SCERP Border Environmental Technical Exchange and Conference - exhibit

Student science day sponsored by AAUW - tour and presentation

Living Desert State Park staff - presentation

Project Uplift student group - tour and presentation

Carlsbad Ham Radio Club - presentation

International Good Neighbor Council - presentation

Carlsbad Board of Realtors - presentation

Carlsbad Public Schools Science Showcase - exhibit "What Can You Tell about the Weather?"

Carlsbad Lions Club - presentation

Carlsbad Art Association - presentation

Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University - two guest lectures

American Association of University Women - presentation and tour

Carlsbad Municipal Schools, P.R. Leyva Middle School, 6^th grade classes - tour and program

Appendix G. Leadership Participation by CEMRC Staff
in Professional Functions

Function	CEMRC Staff/Role
ACE-Asia	R. Arimoto, Member, Executive Committee
International Global Atmospheric Chemistry/Asia Pacific Regional Experiment, Seoul, Korea	R. Arimoto, Member, Executive Committee
American Geophysical Union, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres	R. Arimoto, Associate Editor
Loessfest '99, Bonn, Germany	R. Arimoto, Session Paper Reviewer
American National Standards Institute, HPS N13.25, Internal Dosimetry Programs for Plutonium Exposure - Minimum Requirements	J. Webb, Member, Standards Committee Working Group
45^th Annual Conference on Bioassay, Analytical, and Environmental Radiochemistry, Gaithersburg, Maryland	J. Webb, Session Chair
In Vivo 99, Mol, Belgium	J. Webb, Session Paper Reviewer
45^th Annual Conference on Bioassay, Analytical, and Environmental Radiochemistry, Gaithersburg, Maryland	B. Stewart, Presentor, Workshop "Radiochemistry 101"

Appendix H. New Project Development

Proposal/Bid Title	PI(s)	Sponsor	Funding (Term)	Status
An investigation of sulfur chemistry in the Antarctic troposphere	R. Arimoto (with D. Davis, Georgia Institute of Technology, and others)	National Science Foundation	$160,000 (1998-2002)	Funded, in progress
Mineral dust and radionuclides over the North Atlantic	R. Arimoto (with R.A. Duce, Texas A&M University)	National Science Foundation	$270,428 (1997-2000)	Amended, in progress
Characterization of ambient particulate matter in the Paso del Norte region	R. Arimoto (with five NMSU investigators)	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, via Southwest Center for Environmental Research and Policy	$27,843 (1999-2000)	Funded, in progress
Determination of Be and U in aqueous extracts of contaminated soils	R. Arimoto (with R.A. Cole and C.A Caldwell, NMSU)	U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service	$5,618 (1999-2000)	Funded, in progress
Ambient air quality issues related to confined animal operations	R. Arimoto (with R.A. Duce, Texas A&M University, B. Auvermann, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, and J.L. Botsford, NMSU)	U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program	$49,976 (1999-2001)	Funded, in progress
Science and implementation plan for the ACE-Asia Network studies	R. Arimoto (with M. Uematsu and the APARE Coordination Committee	National Science Foundation	No request for funding	Submitted
Environmental analytical laboratory services for brine inorganics	R. Arimoto	Westinghouse Environmental Services Company	$620,892 (1999-2005)	Submitted, not funded
Proposal to establish the U.S. Department of Energy Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Environmental Research Park	M. Conley	DOE/Carlsbad Area Office	No request for funding	Submitted
Long-term risk from actinides in the environment: modes of mobility	T. Kirchner (with D. Breshears, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and S.A. Ibrahim, Colorado State University)	DOE Office of Environmental Management	$89,900 (1997-2000)	Funded, in progress
A component oriented system for building structurally adaptive ecological models	T. Kirchner	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, STAR Program	$371,906 (1999-2003)	Submitted, not funded
Tools and methodologies for managing uncertainties and improving accuracy in risk assessment models	T. Kirchner	National Science Foundation	$422,912 (1999-2002)	Submitted, not funded
Limnological monitoring: Brantley Dam Reservoir	D. Schoep	U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation	$56,379 (1997-2000)	Funded, in progress
Lung & whole body in vivo radiobioassay measurements	J. Webb	Waste Control Specialists, Inc.	$233,414 (1997-2000)	Amended, in progress
In vivo radiobioassay measurements for WIPP personnel	J. Webb	Westinghouse Electric Company	$573,000 (1998-2001)	Amended, in progress
²¹⁰Pb - A biomarker for exposure of people to radon in indoor environments	J. Webb	Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute	$116,182 (1999-2002)	Submitted, not funded
Internal dose assessments from historical radiation worker records	J. Webb	MJW Corporation	$10,000 (1999)	Funded, in progress
Measurement of ²¹⁰Pb and ⁷Be in environmental media using contrasting geometries	J. Webb	International Atomic Energy Agency	No funding requested	Submitted
The cow counter: technology for the measure of radio-contaminants and fat-free lean content in livestock	J. Webb (with G. Duff, NMSU)	DOE, via Waste-management Education and Research Consortium	$169,860 (1999-2001)	Funded, in progress

Appendix I. Status of Completion of 1999 Key Performance Indicators

Concurrent high-volume and low-volume aerosol sampling at three locations through 1999. [Completed]

Collection of daily FAS samples in WIPP exhaust shaft through 1999. [Completed]

Collection of triplicate soil samples at current 32 locations during January-February 1999. [Delayed, completed March 1999]

Concurrent operation of meteorological sampling stations at two sites through 1999. [Completed]

Collect drinking water samples at 6 sources during March-April 1999. [delayed, completed August 1999]

Collect sediment and surface water samples from three reservoirs during June-July 1999. [delayed, completed August 1999]

Collect vegetation samples from six locations during spring and fall 1999. [No spring collection due to absence of new growth; fall collection completed]

Collect composite arthropod sample from one location during 1999. [Completed; collection expanded to two locations]

Continue in vivo bioassays for public. [Bioassays for over 350 people completed prior to waste receipt at WIPP, initial measurements for over 40 new volunteers; repeat measurements initiated in July 1999.]

Radioanalyses of all 1998 aerosol, soil, sediment, surface water, drinking water and vegetation samples by October 1999. [Not completed; radioanalyses completed for 1998 soils, sediment, surface water and drinking water]

Radioanalyses of FAS sample analyses to meet quarterly posting schedule. [Completed for gross alpha, gross beta and gamma results; delayed for actinides, completed September]

Inorganic trace element analyses of representative subset of low-volume aerosol, soil, sediment, surface water and drinking water samples within three months after each sample collection. [Completed]

Implement electronic Laboratory Information Management System by October 1999. [Completed for FAS data]

Post results of radioanalyses of 1998 samples within two months after completion of analyses of each set of samples. [Completed for soils, FAS, drinking water and surface water samples; delayed for all other media.]

Post results of non-radiological analyses of 1999 samples within two months after completion of each set of samples. [Completed for FAS samples, delayed for all other media]

Make CEMRC 1998 Report and background data accessible via Internet by March 1999. [Completed]

Submit manuscript for publication by July 1999 on radioanalyses of soils. [Delayed, scheduled for February 2000]

Appendix J. CEMRC Quality Assurance Policy

The Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring & Research Center (Center) is a division of the College of Engineering, New Mexico State University (NMSU). The Center is subject to the policies, procedures and guidelines adopted by NMSU, as well as state and federal laws and regulations that govern the operation of the university. In addition to the general goals, mission and standards of NMSU, the Center adheres to the following principles:

Standards of quality assurance and quality control incorporating standard scientific methods will be developed and implemented that are appropriate to the objectives and functions of specific projects and programmatic areas.

Methods for performance assessment and quality improvement will be used throughout the Center in keeping with policies and procedures of NMSU, and with protocols adopted for specific projects and programmatic areas.

Personnel, equipment and facilities will be provided to achieve adopted project objectives and quality standards, subject to the limitations of fiscal and other applicable constraints.

Personnel will be provided access to written and verbal guidance, training and other professional development to support continuous improvement within all programmatic areas, subject to the limitations of fiscal and other applicable constraints.

Personnel will be held accountable for their actions related to protection of employees, the public and the environment, in carrying out projects and other activities, in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.

Employees are responsible for personal compliance with policies, procedures and other guidance adopted for purposes of quality control, fiscal accounting and other management objectives.